脑小血管病（SVD）是指影响大脑中小动脉、毛细血管和静脉的一系列疾病。它是老年人中常见的中风和痴呆的原因，并且能导致白质和大脑深部结构的显著变化。SVD的影响可能会损害认知功能、移动能力和整体神经健康。

脑小血管病的主要类型包括：
1. 腔隙性中风：当供应大脑深部结构的小动脉之一被堵塞时，会导致大脑深层白质小区域的中风。
2. 白质病变：在MRI扫描中通常表现为大脑白质中高强度区域，这些病变与中风、痴呆和认知功能下降的风险更高。
3. 脑微出血：在MRI上可见的小点状血液泄漏，通常由小血管变化引起，与年龄增长、高血压和其他血管风险因素有关。

每种类型的SVD对治疗和管理都有不同的影响，强调了控制风险因素的重要性，如管理高血压、糖尿病和其他心血管风险。

Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) refers to a range of conditions that affect the small arteries, capillaries, and veins in the brain. It is a common cause of stroke and dementia, particularly in older adults, and can lead to significant changes in white matter and deep brain structures. The effects of SVD can impair cognitive function, mobility, and overall neurological health.

The main types of cerebral small vessel disease include:
1. Lacunar Strokes: These occur when one of the small arteries supplying deep structures of the brain becomes blocked, leading to small areas of stroke in the brain’s deep white matter.
2. White Matter Lesions: Often seen on MRI scans as areas of high intensity in the brain's white matter, these lesions are associated with a higher risk of stroke, dementia, and a decline in cognitive function.
3. Cerebral Microbleeds: Small dots of blood leakage visible on MRI that are typically caused by changes in the small blood vessels and are associated with increasing age, hypertension, and other vascular risk factors.

Each type of SVD has different implications for treatment and management, emphasizing the importance of risk factor control, such as managing hypertension, diabetes, and other cardiovascular risks.